Victimization From The phenomenon of violence

SUMMARY

In this work we have done a short approach to the subject of victimology from the phenomenon of violence in the first-order importance to counteract this increase to the most vulnerable subjects in the Family.

As increasingly high rates of violence, there has been a marked inter ¬ est in the problems of the victims, which have historically been marginalized and concealment, having to unify the forces and actions to reduce this high incidence in the world.

Victimology. Concepts and Treatment.

Within the criminological study, one of its disciplines, victimology, has had theoretical and practical contributions from the position of science and humanism. The field of victimology is new in the field of criminology could frame it in the mid-forties, although earlier and were the first to comment.

The earliest history of the American Victimology, has no doubt his predecessors in the Cuban legal DIEGO TEJEDA VICENTE, Franz Ferdinand? PLA and José Ramón Fernández Figueroa who in 1929 presented at the Bar Havana their dissertation, the protection of victims of crime, then a decade later Benjam? N Mendelsohn conducts studies and research defined as the science of victimology study commissioned ¬ of the victim.

By etymology, the term derives victimology from the Latin word "victim" and the Greek "logos". The latter means, in its secular sense, word, speech, study.

Victimology therefore relates, in this second sense, the study of crime victims, and within it, can differentiate what the authors call "microvictimología" and "macrovictimología." "The first term includes sensu estrictu that study of victims of criminal offenses, while the second involves the victimization of abuse of political power, economic and religious, that is, actions that cause physical, psychological or economic comparable to produced by the offense, within the macrovictimología, enters the study and solution of many problems other than those treated by traditional criminal law?.

In studying the Victimology, have been managing two positions with respect to their approach: one, headed by Benjam? N MENDELSOHN, "which studies all sorts of victims, from the one affected by a natural disaster to their fundamental rights violated by the State, on the other side of Frederick Wertham's study emphasizes the victim only in the occurrence of a crime that is what is called criminal victimology?. If we analyze this criterion is framed only in the occurrence of criminal acts and therefore going to keep narrowly to frame the victim.

To conceptualize Victimology criteria have different authors, in this case, we must start with the definition made at the First Symposium on Victimology held in Jerusalem, Israel, 2 to September 6, 1973, where, conceived as Victimology scientific study of the victim in another case, Garc? A qualified PABLOS that it should focus on the study of the factors that lead a person to become, more often than others, a victim and the role this in triggering criminal action. This "moves away from the victim considers as taxable, static and anonymous, instead giving significance to the interaction offender - victim and the objective circumstances, situational and personal to the victim?.

Another author is Gulotta, "who believes that victimology is the discipline that aims at studying the victim of a crime, personality, biological, psychological, moral, social and cultural relations with the offender and the role it played in the genesis of crime?.

Victimology will care for compensation to victims, develop and implement programs to assist victims, conduct studies to provide greater understanding of the criminal phenomenon, focusing on the victimizer situation of certain individuals, to develop prevention and control.

Similarly, Newman notes that "the victim may be a causal factor in crime, also emphasizes that when meeting with victims of crime is necessary to study their features, characteristics, behavior, conduct, in order to link them directly with the action criminal act, and for him the study of certain crimes can not be relevant and serious if not taken into account the role played by the victim and the extent to which contributed, consciously or unconsciously to their production?.

As it has been shown, there has been to understand "the victim as an individual who is responsible for the action passively crime, to consider their possible involvement in the fact, to suggest that there is a complex relationship between perpetrator and victim ?, that sometimes, it works in their own victimization, to emphasize that the identification of risk factors that predispose an individual to become a crime torture is one of the priorities of Victimology.

Thus it continues to justify and legitimize the violent relationship with her assailant and his own passivity tends to raise the abuse, to the point for the recipient and assimilates tolerated as normal.

Extrapolating this conceptualization to the educational environment, we observe that the same action can be derived very different consequences for victims, bystanders or even to the perpetrators. It differs in this regard between various kinds of victimization in terms of actors (perpetrator or victim / viewer), and the consequences in the short, medium or long term.

By analyzing the conditions required to be victimized should be undertaken actions, privileges or social systems. These factors may help explain variations in people with the chance of becoming a victim. These may be:

? Precipitation: the victim may act in a way that encourages or precipitate the offender's conduct.

? Facilitation: if the victim is not actively involved, can facilitate a deliberate action or otherwise non-conscious way, in a situation of risk. In general, any person who fails to take proper precautions to avoid being a victim, is making his victimization and that she is creating special risks.

? Vulnerability: refers to the weakness of the subject to acts of violence. Groups of people with a defense, or less able to repel or prevent the act and includes the elderly, children, women and mentally retarded.

? Opportunity: this is a necessary condition for the act may occur and refers to the relevance of both media as places in which the potential victim is, once you have the potential to learn attackers or contact with their potential victims.

? Attractive: from the standpoint of the actor's goals may be more attractive than others, leading to both an increased risk of victimization based on their possession or not.

? Impunity: there are certain criteria that refer to the perpetrator of these acts are less likely to be attended by legal institutions.

? Routine activity: According to the Routine Activity Theory, victimization is associated with lifestyle, daily routine or behavior and demographic variables. The routine activity influences the degree of exposure to such a potential attacker's activities, how they are valuable and vulnerable individuals or their property objectives and how they are saved or protected themselves and their properties (MUSTAINEY TEWKSBURY).

One can distinguish three levels of victimization:

1. Victimization Primary is directed against a person or individual.

2. Secondary victimization: the specific groups or suffering is a part of the population.

3. Victimization Tertiary is directed against the community at large, ie, against the total population. This victimization frequently assimilated supranational victimization.

In this case we can analyze it for victimology? the victim is the man who suffers damage to property legally protected by law: life, health, property, honor, honesty., by the act of another, for accidents due to human factors, mechanical or natural, a criterion broader (critical victimology holds) leads us to assimilate the concept of victim to all those who were affected in their rights?.

Be the victim "to the victim for the crime, as well as we can say that is a person who has suffered the impairment of their fundamental rights that flow from human nature?.

Victimology will care for compensation to victims, develop and implement programs to assist victims, to conduct studies to provide greater understanding of the criminal phenomenon, focusing on the victimizer predisposition of certain individuals, to develop prevention programs.

MENDELSOHN made a "classification of the victims? help us frame our study.

? Totally innocent victims: those victims who have not done anything to trigger criminal action, are totally unrelated to criminal activity.

? Victim provocative prompts to the fact his conduct criminal.

? Victim ignorance is one that provides facilities for their own victimization without knowing it.

? Victim voluntary: they demonstrate a partnership with the offender (euthanasia).

? Victim aggressor: There are two types.

a) Simulator is one that accuses falsely.

b) Standby: up his own status as a victim when there has been no infringement.

Similarly GERARDO Landrover, provide a classification distinguishing seven types of victims:

? Victims non-participants: it is irrelevant relationship between the criminal and the victim, that is (only minor, minor), all members of a community are potential victims. He distinguishes two groups:

a) accidental victims: those placed by chance in the way of criminals.

b) Victims indiscriminate: there is no link with the aggressor.

? Victims participants: If you play a certain role in the genesis of crime. Victims are those that ignore the most basic precautions, thereby facilitating the production of a crime.

? Victims Family: found in the conduct of the victims, belonging to the same family group, potential victims are women, children and the elderly. Victims are subject to abuse and sexual abuse.

? Victims collective: the state, society, business, etc., Can become victims, its characteristic is that the victim is anonymous examples: financial crimes, consumer fraud, computer crimes.

? Victims particularly vulnerable: there are people who have a predisposition to become victims, we must take into account age, physical or mental condition, race, sex, there are other social factors: economic status, lifestyle, frequent contact marginalized groups or not, there are also professional factors: law enforcement, security guards, taxi drivers, pharmacies, prostitutes, are more subject to victimization. Victims symbolic. Victimisation occurs in order to attack a particular system of values ​​(ideology, religion, family).

? Victims false: there are subjects that due to certain psychopathological characteristics reported a crime that never existed.

a) Victim simulator: is aware that there has been no crime, that intention is loúnico there is a miscarriage of justice.

b) imaginary victims, mistakenly believed to have been the subject of a criminal assault.

The problem victimological discussed from different perspectives, social and legal, the victim has been studied from its context the importance of protecting it in society, is therefore the need to continue to deepen their study and behavior, as we have see the definition of victims to some authors may be extended or reduced according to their definitions, there are some similarities in the classification or similarities in it, but the fact is the wide range in which we find the victim.

Victimization from violence.

Victimization with its various forms it may take other forms such as abuse, terrorizing, belittling, isolation, corrupt or deny response, hitting, beating, physical abuse in general, sexual abuse, poisoning, among others. All with a common victim-offender relationship.

These features coupled with a lack of options make it cost the victim to escape an abusive situation. They are physically or emotionally unable to denounce the situation in which they are trapped.

STARR, "described the persons capable of violence as a possessive personality, hard to understand, cope with situations and able to outsource their sins?. Offenders also have a low degree of self-esteem and responsibility towards third project, coupled with the frustrations of their actions, have in most cases the explosive tempers and inability to control their impulses.

The numbers of victims of violence are increasing in the world, without a doubt this is very alarming, given the evidence that social and family relationships develop over violence.

Even today there are victims who do not know what to do with the commission of an act of violence or do not understand the process that require face to report it, this requires greater disclosure of legal action to follow and relevant bodies to turn to face the situation.

Despite the above are uncontrollable instances of victimization of violence do not go to show reality, these are recognized as the "dark figure", the silence of impunity involving the victim of antisocial behavior do not come to the knowledge of the authorities.

There are many factors that influence the fear of believing deserving of abuse, waste that may have little love or vengeance by exposure to another situation that can be more difficult in these cases may be filed by the victim of depression features and low self esteem reinforced feelings of guilt and shame.

With regard to the assistance of the victims, "the United Nations Declaration urges Member States to provide medical, psychological material and social support to victims by the government media, community volunteers are available, also notes the obligation provide information about these services by facilitating access to, training for police and social staff to be responsive to the needs of victims to ensure rapid, appropriate and finally that the assistance be provided, taking into consideration the needs required special because of the damage?.

Violence in its range such as we have seen is a cruel manifestation that I could find anywhere, including the Family faces consequences as bad, all this makes us reflect on the importance and necessity of overcoming the trend of violence and its impact on the victim, not deny or not recognize cease to exist, not about learning to live with violence, but to perceive it as a phenomenon in control and transform society.

CONCLUSIONS

It has undoubtedly been an awakening in the World of Victimology to national and international measures ga ¬ sures that allow the recognition and respect for the rights of ¬ Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power, stable protection transcends ¬ ¬ tims to the victims of crime.

The phenomenon of victimization is growing rapidly, but there are still preventative and awareness of the factors involved in taking action to prevent the emergence of violent interactions among individuals and the community.

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